IT:AD:Networking
- See:
Summary
Glossary
- Connection: a link between two devices, carrying Packets of information.
- Packet: Packets are the basic element of communication over a Connection. Each Packet containers a Header and Payload.
- Header: Packets have a header portion that contains information about the packet including the source and destination, timestamps, network hops, etc.
- Body/Payload: The main portion of a packet, containing the actual data being transfered.
- Port: an address on a single machine that can be tied to a specific piece of software. It is not a physical interface or location, but allows your server to be able to communicate using more than one application.
- NAT: NAT stands for network address translation. It is a way to translate requests that are incoming into a routing server to the relevant devices or servers that it knows about in the LAN. This is usually implemented in physical LANs as a way to route requests through one IP address to the necessary backend servers.
- VPN: VPN stands for virtual private network. It is a means of connecting separate LANs through the internet, while maintaining privacy. This is used as a means of connecting remote systems as if they were on a local network, often for security reasons.
- Network Range: each range is divisible into a range of network addresses, and host (device) addresses.
- IPv4: is a 32-bit address, expressed as a set of 4 octets.
- IPv6: is a 128-bit address, expressed as 8 sets of 4 hexadecimal numbers (7.9×10^28 times as many addresse options than IPv4)
- The first part of an IPv4 address identifies the network, the rest identifies the host within the network.
- Private network are reserved within:
- class A's private network address space/range: 10.0.0.0-10.255.255.255 (big networks)
- Class B's private network address space/range: 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 (medium networks)
- Class C's private network address space/range: 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 (small networks)
* Subnetting: the process of dividing a network address space into smaller sections.
- NetMask: a 1/0 notation of the amount of address bits used for the Net portion of the address.
- For the 192.168.0.0-255 range, the bit NetMask is notated in binary as 11111111-11111111-11111111-0000000, which in decimal is notated as: 255.255.255.0,
* By default, each Network has only one Subnet. This default Subnet contains all the host addresses.
- Subnet mask: another NetMask used to further divide the network.
Key | Value | Notes |
---|---|---|
Net Address | 192.168.1.x | |
Host Address | x.x.x.9 | |
Full Address | 192.168.1.9 | In Decimal notation |
Full Address | 11000000-10101000-00000001-00001001 | In Binary notation |
NetMask | 11111111-11111111-11111111-00000000 | The Network BitMask |
AND | 11000000-10101000-00000001-00000000 | Apply AND to both the address and Netmask and you get the Network portion |
NAND | 00000000-00000000-00000000-00001001 | Apply NAND to both the address and Netmask and you get the Host portion |