Foreign Relations – diplomacy, bilateral/multilateral treaties, international representation
Trade and Export Promotion – market access, trade agreements, support for exporters
International Development / Foreign Aid – distinct from defense, focused on overseas assistance
National Defense – military, territorial protection, strategic deterrence
National Security / Intelligence – counterintelligence, domestic threats, surveillance oversight
Immigration and Border Management – visas, refugee intake, customs
Justice and Law Enforcement – policing, courts, corrections, legal frameworks
Public Safety and Emergency Management – civil defence, disaster response, fire services
Health and Public Health – hospitals, preventative care, epidemics
Education and Lifelong Learning – early childhood to tertiary and adult education
Social Development and Welfare – income support, disability, family and child services
Housing and Urban Development – housing access, affordability, land use
Retirement and Pensions – superannuation, pension fund management
Labour and Employment – workplace standards, employment law, job support
Transport and Infrastructure – roads, rail, ports, planning
Energy and Natural Resources – energy supply, mining, oil and gas, forestry
Environment and Climate – emissions, conservation, biodiversity
Agriculture and Food Systems – farming, fisheries, food safety
Economy and Treasury – budgeting, taxation, fiscal policy, economic forecasting
Innovation, Science and Technology – research funding, tech policy, digital infrastructure
Business and Consumer Affairs – regulation, company law, fair trading
Cultural Affairs – arts, heritage, language, national identity
Indigenous or Treaty Relations – Māori-Crown relations, treaty obligations (in NZ context)
Internal Affairs / Administration – identity services, records, elections, civil registration
Statistics and Evidence – population and economic data, official measures
Public Service and Governance – public sector leadership, ethics, machinery of government